Culture Is Defined As The Internet And Mass Media

Culture is defined as â€Å"the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time† (Merriam Webster, 2015). Different continents, from Far East Asia to the West Most point of the Antarctica, holds their own unique traditions and cultures. Modern form of communication, such as the internet and mass media, had exposed us to various different cultures, thousands miles away from us, enabling us to see with our own eyes their practices and traditions. Despite that, does the images and recordings we see with our eyes through the media are enough to convey all the values in the culture itself? Our view on the matter may be different that from how others, especially the locals, sees the matter itself due to the fact that the visual we see does not hold enough of the emotions and values in the culture itself. In order to send deeper messages that cannot be merely perceived only with visuals, poetry plays a considerable amount of role in the representation of a culture. Why does poetry have the ability to fully portray a culture? Poetry have the ability to ‘display’ a culture due to the fact that a poet who writes poems about a certain culture ‘usually’ had either encountered the culture themselves or practice the culture and the customs in their daily life. This statement is similar to what Ava McCall said in her articles â€Å"Using Poetry in Social Studies Classes to Teach about Cultural Diversity and Social Justice†, that poets often write poems according toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mass Media and Popular Culture1491 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture: Effects on the Population Mass Media and Popular Culture Mass media and popular culture go hand in hand. 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Rhetorical Analysis Free Essays

Sharmil Whyatt March 6, 2012 English Rhetorical Analysis of Song Lyrics My song of choice is, Wale. â€Å"Bad†. Folarin. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maybach Music, 2012. Mixtape. This song since hitting the mixtape scene is being played all of the time and is being sung by people all over the world. A rhetorical analysis is when you break down a text and try to understand the deeper meaning that you think it might mean. This is helpful because it allows you to do two things, further understand the text and also make sure that you understand what you are learning about. I choose this song for a couple of reasons, one it was stuck in my head the day the assignment was announced, two I really do like the song and I think that people can relate to it, and finally a friend of mine said that this song defines me. I took this opportunity to get to better understand what Wale might be trying to say in this song. I think that this song as excellent example of logos, ethos, and pathos that many people can relate to. The word logos is used to appeal to the readers common sense, also their beliefs and values. I think that Wale is trying to say that if you believe in love then you should also be able to believe in fucking. The beginning hook of the song speaks for its self â€Å"Is it bad that I never made love, no I never did I, but I sure know how to fuck†( Tiara Thomas Hook). If you ask anyone they will tell you there is a complete difference between making love and fucking. When I asked my roommate about the two she defines making love and I quote â€Å"Something that is passionate and soft with nothing but love and care in each other’s eyes†. She defined fucking as â€Å"Two people who only care for each other in that moment, you only need them to please and then they can leave†. At the end of the day everybody is looking for love, he even says at the beginning of the song that â€Å"Monogamy or whatever you call it†¦ain’t for everybody† (Wale Intro) but if you’re not making love then your fucking. Yea you might have those little emotions that you think it might be real but when you find out it’s not you go out and look to find what we call in this generation as a rebound or a fuck buddy. The word ethos is when you use the words or reputation of the artist or writer to support your ideas. Wale is a very smart individual, even though he didn’t graduate from college he was a student athlete. I think that this song is more like him putting his emotions out about himself. That he has never actually made love that he has only fucked women. I think that he telling it all to us in this one line â€Å"Most of us rushing into it anyways, you know what I’m saying†. I also think that he is throwing a curve ball when he says that â€Å"You ain’t rushing for love, and I ain’t up here to judge†. That maybe he once was in love but he and this woman never had their love go to an intimacy level. I have been in love before but when me and my partner where together it was never we were making love it was we were fucking. You can call it what you want but at the end of the day when you are no longer with them you look back on it, you realize that it wasn’t love. The word pathos is when you use your feelings, emotions, and inner thought to influence people. I think that Wale might be trying to tell us of his inner emotions. I am not completely sure if he is trying to tell us that he is ready to make love or if he wants to continue down his path of just fucking women. In the lines â€Å"I don’t need emotions to open your deep sea, I can see the ocean by going between legs†. In this line I think that he has made up his mind that he will just get this emotion that he seeks from in between a woman legs. It’s almost as though he is having a relationship and the vagina (in between legs) is that thing that you don’t want to lose. It’s just like that relationship where you are with someone and they tell you that if you don’t do things there way you risk them leaving you. Wale is using his desire of vagina to keep the girls coming back, it’s possible that the females that he has been choosing all want to make love but he will not let it get to that level. Wale or the female of his choice just take what they need and then leave. In conclusion I have learned the difference between ethos, pathos, and logos. I had learned about it every year of English but with doing this assignment I have a better knowledge of it because I had to actually do something with what I learned. This song might be more important than we actually think because it makes you think. It makes you think about your past and you future and where you might want to go with it. The song gives you an in-depth look into the soul of Wale and how he feels about certain things. I you now my generation we don’t really listen to music anymore. An when I say that I mean the lyrics what the artist is actually trying to say. The only thing we hear is a catchy hook and base line that can make you shake your head and shake your butt. I think that Drake said it best though â€Å"When you are happy you hear the music, but when you are sad you hear the lyrics†. Works Cited Thomas , Kelson , Tiara Thomas , and Wale . â€Å"Wale aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Bad Lyrics | Rap Genius. † Discover the Meaning of Rap Lyrics | Rap Genius. N. p. , 30 Dec. 2012. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. . MLA formatting by BibMe. org. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis, Papers Rhetorical Analysis Free Essays Sometimes life gets tough and gives us obstacles and challenges just to see how we overcome them. It only takes one mistake for someone’s life to be turned upside down. Watching people go through hardships and life challenges helps us get on the right path and succeed. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book The Other Wes Moore written by Wes Moore himself, is based on real life challenges that two boys ironically with the same name and hometown were faced with and how their decisions on overcoming them lead them to two completely different places. One living free and being able to experience things and the other living unfortunately behind bars. Wes Moore uses the rhetorical appeals ethos, logos, and pathos to engage the readers attention on how two boys with so many similarities can grow up and live two completely opposite lives. Wes Moore is a talented and educated man and accomplished an enormous amount of things while growing up. He was a Rhodes Scholar and was recognized in the Hall of Fame, but that never fazed him it just made him want to achieve bigger and better things. He looked past that and reached out to someone whose life didn’t go as planned. By doing this he gave the other Wes Moore something to live for, something that would help him forget his past and make him feel like he was a good person again. Wes Moore wrote this book to inspire people and let them learn from other people’s mistakes. He clearly found a wide range of audiences since his book became a New York Times Best seller. This book was made for anyone going through a tough time, struggling for hope, or just an excellent book to read. Wes Moore’s intentions for this book was to show people not to give up on themselves and anythings possible. People choose their own destiny, that you can be what you want to be, so don’t give up even if you hit a pump in the road. Wes Moore studied at two distinguished universities, first John Hopkins then Oxford University where he received a full scholarship. He strongly shows his intelligence by his language and his choice of vocabulary which helps the book appeal to all ages. Moore makes it clear, in the introduction, that this book was written to â€Å"use our two lives as a way of thinking about choices and accountability† (xiv) and not a way to supply excuses for the tragedy that happened on February 7, 2000. This quote and the whole last paragraph in the introduction demonstrates ethos right from the beginning. The way Wes Moore doesn’t judge the other Moore for what he has done and the way Wes Moore interacts with the audience to make sure they do the same shows his credibility. He knows what the other Moore did was a terrible and hurtful thing and tore many family and friends apart, but he wanted his audience to learn from this tragedy and from Moore’s mistakes. In the end, he wanted to show his audience that you can come from hardships in life and still better yourself, but you just need to get up and try. Since the author decided to make his appeal to logos more deeper and complex it was difficult to identify it through the text. Wes Moore can make an argument that the two boys grew up with similar home lives by looking at different relationships within the families. Since Wes Moore, the author, was a little boy he was making decisions on his own and being the man of the house. His father passed away when Moore was at a young age so he never had a male role model. He only had his mother to look up to who was still growing up herself. On the other hand the other Wes Moore had a loving mother who cared dearly about him but at the same time was very young and still trying to figure out her own life. Overall both Wes Moore’s had to overcome tough challenges and make the best of it. This comparison of their relationships with their families helped with the appeal to logos because it showed how two people with similar childhoods can handle almost identical situations differently and end up in complete opposite places. Anyone could read this book and feel emotionally touched by the stories that are told. The author has a strong appeal to pathos throughout the whole book. The audience can either feel shocked by how their lives went in such opposite directions or sorry for the obstacles these boys had to go through growing up. The author decides to start the book with a lot of affection to show the audience that both of these boy’s childhoods were similar and that their lives could of easily been flipped. Wes Moore caught the readers attention at the beginning by trying to get them to figure out how their two lives went in two different directions. Having a strong appeal to pathos is a good benefit because reaching out to the audience through emotion is so much more affective then logic or credibility. People are more connected on how people feel then their knowledge or trustworthiness. For example, when the author said â€Å"HIs body was sprawled and withering at the foot of the stairs† (13), no reader is going to just close the book and stop reading. He or she is going to want to continue reading to figure out why the father died and how the little boy is going to overcome this obstacle. Pathos has a much more affect on the readers then ethos or logos. By reading just the introduction and understanding the lives of these two boys the reader can feel the great amount of emotion put into this book. From the beginning the reader is trapped and doesn’t want to put down the book with the help of the authors use of rhetorical appeals. The differences that lie in their future of these two similar men leaves the audience hanging on what caused so much change in their two lives. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis, Essay examples Rhetorical analysis Free Essays In a letter to the author, analyze an opinionated source that addresses an aspect of pop culture that interests you (see â€Å"Guidelines for Choosing an Appropriate Text† posted under Additional Resources on Model for more information about sources). You will identify the source’s purpose, audience, and context, then evaluate how well the source achieved its purpose by analyzing its rhetorical strategies (such as, but not limited to, appeals, tropes, style and tone, word choice, use of evidence). Why: Strategies of persuasion and argument permeate our culture in advertisements, politics, and even casual conversations among friends about what to do this weekend. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ability to recognize and evaluate this rhetorical overload builds critical thinking skills that identify manipulations and foster informed decision making. Additionally, identifying claims and reasoning, as well as the ability to summarize and paraphrase, is an essential skill in any class that requires responses to reading assignments. This project is designed to address the following course outcomes: monster ability in written analysis, undertake writing as a recursive process that develops and transforms thought, respond appropriately to different kinds of rhetorical situations, adopt appropriate voice, tone, and level of formality. Physical Requirements: Your analysis must be 1200-1500 words in a 12 apt font, double spaced, in a business letter format. Your final folder should include all invention work and rough drafts. Evaluation Criteria: For this assignment, A papers will: meet the physical requirements listed include a clear and precise thesis statement (an analytical claim with reasons about owe the text works) describe the rhetorical context clearly and fairly summarize the main claim explain and analyze how the author builds and presents his/her argument explain and analyze how the author connects with (or fails to connect with) the audience demonstrate audience awareness engage and move the reader be generally free of grammatical errors B papers will mostly meet these criteria; C papers will somewhat meet these criteria; D and F papers will fall short of these criteria Due Dates: Rough drafts will be due in increments as announced in class and posted on Model. How to cite Rhetorical analysis, Papers Rhetorical Analysis Free Essays string(117) " by Hari that he tends to use in or throughout his writing to get an emotion grasp from his audience to his writing\." October 16, 2012 Rhetorical Analysis: â€Å"You are being lied to about pirates† In Johann Hari’s article â€Å"You are being lied to about pirates† (published Monday January 5, 2009 by the Independent) he uncovers for his audience/readers the truth behind piracy and how it is reflected in the ways that the government â€Å"tries† to inform the public. The article shows that his audience is the people he recognizes to be the real villains in destroying the pirate â€Å"organization† as well as the uneducated readers on the topic that are looking to grasp a new understanding of pirates and where it all started. Johann Hari is trying to prove to us that there is definitely more than one side to these Somali pirates, but people just have to be willing to listen to see the truth behind their story. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Johann Hari captured the truth behind piracy in so many ways in his article. In the first paragraph of his essay he states that the British Navy were taking on â€Å"villains† but when reading this you have to sit back and think who really are the villains in this whole situation. Many may believe that the pirates are the villains simply because during the 1650’s through 1730s pirates were portrayed as savages. So it’s easy to agree that the pirates are the evil and corrupt ones, while the British navies are the heroes; but in reality the roles are reversed. In the fourth paragraph in the article, Hari explains that Somalian pirates were the first people in the world to rebel against unjust treatment. Being that Somalia is located on the tip of the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, this country takes up two bodies of water which gives them plentiful reliable resources of seafood. It’s said in the article that one of the reasons the pirates do what they do, is because of the disappearing of the fish as a result of the Europeans overfishing as well as the deadly outbreak of sickness caused by toxic waste dumping. This nuclear waste dumping began to cause the population to become very sick and they began dying off. This point about the toxic waste shows that when they had enough of the sufferings, and they began to stand together just as our democracy stands as one. The only difference between us and them is the fact that they are doing what they have to do to help the rest of their population survive and are acting in the best interest of their fellow Somalian’s. Hari continues on to explain in the rest of this paragraph that just because they are rebels, does not mean that they can’t behave and live right amongst other cultures and populations. But we must also take a minute to question if high jacking, ransom, kidnapping and murder the right way of living. One thing that really stood out in this article and proved that the pirates are no different than anyone else who are barely hanging on to survive, is in the last paragraph of the article when Hari inputs the conversation between Alexander the Great and a captured pirate. Alexander the Great questioned the pirate why did he have the audacity to rob others, and the pirate smiles and asks him how could he (Alexander the Great) do it? He explained that the only difference between them is the fact that Alexander the Great, this so called emperor, does it in greater numbers but he only does it to small ships. The pirate challenged this great emperor on what is the difference between them. This to me proves that pirates are no different than you or me. Except they actually do something about the problems that are occurring in their lives and they won’t stop until their point is proven. One may say that Johann Hari’s article â€Å"You are being lied to about pirates† is a wake-up call about the truths of piracy and how our government can and withhold information from its citizens. An example of this would be withholding the information on just how the piracy came about, as well as the reasoning behind it. They may also lean towards his article as exploitation on how the government can and will use â€Å"strategic tactics† to sugar-coat or even hide the truth of something from the public. Hari’s main reason for writing this article was to show or in some sense prove that there are always 2 sides to a story (nonsense and the truth) but also there could be two â€Å"truths† in this situation as well. Johann Hari’s cause in writing this article is to try to dispel this â€Å"myth† about how the media stops at nothing to put out a good story, even if that means bending the truth. He explains this in the beginning of his article by sharing the information about the government along with real background history of the Somali pirates. Although he takes this stance in his article we must still remember that Hari falls into the category of a mainstream media personnel, which he sees as the ones who cover up the truth. Being that this is the formal background of who this author is, we must look in depth on just who we are basing our point of views or ideas off of. His credibility falls a little bit shy of the standard of truth, because the author is in fact a reporter and apart of this media machine of sugar-coating things. Because he is a reporter, any and every reporter knows that you sometimes have to twist the truth a little bit to get a good story. Hari is a British journalist who’s been writing for multiple news columns, as well as other side contributions. Over the years he collected numerous awards for being Journalist of the Year, starting back in his college years at Kings College in Cambridge, England. It’s been shown countless of times in articles written by Hari that he tends to use in or throughout his writing to get an emotion grasp from his audience to his writing. You read "Rhetorical Analysis" in category "Papers" The audience of this writer may find it a bit confusing on as to why an author who is making a stand towards the truth of how we are being blinded about Somali pirates has been questioned about his writing credibility. For months now rumors have been circulating about Johann’s reliability as a writer and have been said numerous times that Hari is a plagiarist and has even harassed his rival journalist. On September 15th, 2011 he proved these rumors and accusations to be true, by giving a formal public apology for his actions as well as surrendering his awards for journalist of the year. It’s hard to say whether or not author is knowledgeable about the topic simply because of what he has been accused of and this leaves the audience confused on if what was stated was his truth or his own ingredients to compose this article. In Hari’s defense there is a strong possibility that what was stated in this article was indeed his own work, because he includes a lot of his own emotion and opinion throughout the writing of this article. When interviewing Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah (UN envoy to Somalia) he included the â€Å"grief† that Abdallah was extending when saying that people were constantly dumping nuclear material in his country. Hari felt as though it was his duty to lean more towards an appeal to pathos in order for his audience to get a sense of what he and this envoy were feeling. He was looking for sympathy, disappointment, and a sign of relief in the hopes that through the situations that the Somalian’s were experience they would pull through and overcome this hard and devastating time. Although Hari is taking a stance in siding with the pirates and what they are about he doesn’t shy from including the fact that in the history of piracy, pirates were the first to rebel in the world and shows that rebels can lean towards doing things that the world may see as unjust or cruel, when in reality rebels are people who are tired of taking less than what hey deserve and begin to rise or stand up for what they feel they deserve and that is the point that Hari was trying to make in this article. Johann Hari reached out to his audience about the Somalian piracy and expressed his view on the situation. Hari may have been accused for plagiarism and harassing rival journalist, but when it comes down to it he is a reporter. He’s a reporter who is a par t of this media machine that does whatever it takes to get there point across to their audience. He overcame this obstacle in this article by pushing his emotional appeal (pathos) on his audience giving them an option to choose how to feel about what was being said. The bottom line of this essay is to prove that you can’t always believe what you hear; sometimes you have to do research to get the real truths in a story. Johann Hari tries to elaborate in this article that his audiences are the mislead population who is looking to seek a conformational standpoint on these terrorizing pirates. He also points out to us that his audiences are the ones who have been degrading the name of the Somali pirates. Hari mainly points these types of people out to be the government as well as the corrupted media. He establishes that he is against or does not favor the negative image of the pirates. Hari tries to institute an emotional relationship with his readers by including the â€Å"actual† background of these pirates and gives sympathetic reasoning on why they do the things that they do. Hari incorporates this appeal to pathos in his article because he’s going off the instinct that his readers are looking for some sort of understanding on why they ARE pirates. He maximizes his creative intuition in this article by incorporating his audience by asking us rhetorical questions and giving us reasons where we in a way have to search for the answers ourselves. He brings them to life and expresses to the reader just how they should really be viewing these â€Å"media machines† who’ve been belittling the Somali pirates. He assumes that the readers are on his side in a way because, he feels that he is including the actual and/or good reasoning behind the Somali pirate tactics. This all goes back to the â€Å"there’s always two sides to every story† quote. He sees his readers as merely looking for the good since they already heard or know about the bad in this situation. Johann Hari includes more of a formal informative type of language towards his audience in this article. The way that he writes his article is towards an audience of a higher education i. e. high school students and up. Because of this he leans on the art of persuasion towards his readers to see the brighter or better side of the story. By doing this he is sort of sugar coating this situation but he expresses it as exposing the truth. When Hari speaks about how â€Å"European ships have been looting Somalia’s seas of their greatest resource: seafood,† he demonstrates a tone of liveliness. This is appropriate for this article because it gives the reader some sort of excitement or thrill to keep them wanting more information on what is going on in this country. His choice of words shows that he puts more of his own emotion in this article than actual evidence that he is trying to elaborate on. This tactic of inputting his emotion in his work was for the sole purpose to show his audience that not everyone who ends up being the â€Å"bad guys† start off that way. Hari tackles the obstacle of repetition of the same information throughout this article. He incorporates new and interesting facts that stick together with the rest of his work in almost every paragraph. An example of this would be when Hari started to indicate the UN’s envoy to Somalia’s stand on what has been occurring in his country. He continues on in the following paragraphs to explain when and where the problems all started. By doing this he is giving his readers a little background information, and this gives the reader some sort of stability when trying to figure out exactly how they feel about what is going on in Somalia. My overall feeling about Johann Hari’s â€Å"You have been lied to about pirates,† is that he accomplishes his goal of persuading his audience to take a different approach in judging the Somali pirates. He made his message clear straight from the title and stuck by that until the end of his article. Yes Hari may have been accused for plagiarism, but when you think about it, what journalist would spend that much time including this much of someone else’s emotion or opinion in his work. This article leaves you thinking no matter how bad things may look for you, there is always someone or something that makes you see the brighter side of things to help you realize the two sides to your story. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis, Papers Rhetorical Analysis Free Essays A Beautiful Piece Of Chalk Analogy, contradiction, and irony are some of the important rhetorical methods that many authors use to portray their ideas. In â€Å"A Piece of Chalk† (1905), G. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chesterton demonstrates his adept writing ability in using those methods as a means of appeal to convey that everything is beautiful and valuable in its own way. His piece of writing not only exemplifies the use of contradiction, humor, analogy and metaphor, but also succeeds in using relevant support and evidence. Initially, the first rhetorical technique that Chesterton uses is contradiction. We sometimes hold prejudiced views, along with implicitly wrong definitions, towards the world. The author first states the falsifications, and then contradicts them by describing the simple, pure, yet undeniable beauty of those notions. Chesterton says about the white color, â€Å"It is not a mere absence of color; it is a shining and affirmative thing, as fierce as red, as definite as black† (133). In the process, the author is able to make his points emphasized. Moreover, he notes in his essay that, â€Å"[v]irtue is not the absence of vices or the avoidance of moral dangers; virtue is a vivid and separate thing, like pain or a particular smell. Mercy does not mean not being cruel, or sparing people revenge or punishment; it means a plain and positive thing like the sun, which one has either seen or not seen† (Chesterton, 133). He continuously talks about the notion that people usually evasively understand as trivial and trite, affirming their grace and charm. Beside contradiction, humor also effectively contributes to his narration. In the first paragraph, Chesterton talks about the conversation between the narrator and the old woman. He came up to look for brown paper for his drawing, but the woman insisted on thinking that he wanted to wrap up parcels. Even when she realized his primary purpose, this kitchen owner still could not capture the value of brown paper to the painter (Chesterton 132). The author also uses humorous phrases such as â€Å"rationale of the existence of brown paper,† â€Å"beyond my mental capacity,† and â€Å"she offered to overwhelm me with note-paper† (Chesterton 132). He dwells on the misunderstanding of the woman, as well as the misconception that many people hold about the little but useful materials around them. In addition, Chesterton says in the last paragraph that, â€Å"Imagine a man in the Sahara regretting that he had no sand for his hour-glass. Imagine a gentleman in mid-ocean wishing that he had brought some salt water with him for his chemical experiments† (134). The narrator states two examples, where people hilariously trick themselves in two simple and obvious situations, to ridicule himself of something that he has just realized to be similar. Added to an effective use of contradiction and humor, Chesterton’s â€Å"A Piece of Chalk† is an exemplary use of analogy and metaphor. He talks about his attitude towards brown paper, â€Å"I then tried to explain the rather delicate logical shade, that I not only liked brown paper, but liked the quality of brownness in paper, just as I like the quality of brownness in October woods, or in beer† (Chesterton, 132). One cannot judge things by their mere look or use, but has to really look into them. Their essences, which were deliberately brought by their creators, are just unique as the passion and devotion of their creators. Similarly, the author says about the old poets, â€Å"They preferred writing about great men to writing about great hills; but they sat on the great hills to write it. They gave out much less about Nature, but they drank in, perhaps, much more. They painted the white robes of their holy virgins with the blinding snow, at which they had stared all day† (133). The old poets not only care and appreciate nature, but also capture it successfully in their own works. In addition, according to his last paragraph, â€Å"[a]nd yet, without any white, my absurd little pictures would be as pointless as the world would be if there were no good people in it† (134), he compares white chalks with good people. And as he talks about using white chalks in painting, the readers understand the values and importance of the existence of good people in this world. In the last sentences of the essay, he says, â€Å"I was sitting on an immense warehouse of white chalk. The landscape was made entirely of white chalk. White chalk was piled more miles until it met the sky† (134). The use of metaphor here enhances his point. By emphasizing how much white chalk is around him, Chesterton skillfully introduces to the readers a seemingly obvious fact that good people are easy to find in the Southern England. Ultimately, with â€Å"A Piece of Chalk,† Chesterton has proven that he is a master of rhetorical techniques. He develops his paper by using different rhetorical methods alternatively and altogether. The story flows peacefully and naturally, yet does not turn boring, because every sentence is a joy to read. Work Cited Chesterton, G. K. â€Å"A Piece of Chalk. † 75 Readings across the Curriculum. Ed. Chris Anson. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006: 132-4. Print. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis, Papers

Defense of Positive Accounting Research

Question: Discuss about the Defense of Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction The topic under discussion in this paper relates to the deficiencies witnessed in practice that has let down the powerful broad positivist research program. The main of this paper is to critically review the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research written by Paul V Dunmore in order to show that the deficiencies in practice is letting down the potential of the powerful broad positive accounting theory research program. The main argument in this critique is that with sufficient practice in positive accounting theory research program, the potential powerful of the broad positivist research program cannot be realized (Dunmore 2011). It is argued that the current practice in positive in accounting appears vastly unqualified of realizing the scientific objectives. It is further argued that despite the discrepancies in accounting practice, Kuhns normal science descriptions gives a reprieve and a framework anchored on Kuhnian crisis and revolution as it is potential to liberate positive accounting to attain its full potential. To comprehensively capture the main argument mentioned above, the critique takes the following structure (Dunmore 2011). The first subsection gives the brief summary of the article which focuses primarily on the main argument of the paper. This part will comprise of the aims of the article, the articles overal findings as well as the articles theoretical argument alongside its contribution. The second subsection delves deep into research question. This subsections will primarily identify the research question presented in the article or hypotheses. It will also discuss the value of the hypothesis or the research question acknowledged as well as explicate whether and how the hypothesis or research question flowed from the literature review. The next third section details the theoretical framework of the article whereby the identification and discussion of this framework is featured or the articles theoretical substance that informed the element of the research. The fourth subsection comprehensively discusses the significance and limitation of the article. The literature is utilized in this subsection to discuss the shortcomings of the theory and the methodology utilized. It affirms whether the author has recognized such weaknesses and whether the author has drawn conclusions from the study which are justifiable by the methodology. The subsection further showcase whether such shortfalls have affected the substance and contribution of the article with respect to the accounting discipline based on the findings the author established against the study method. The last section gives the brief conclusion that summarizes the primary points as well as deducting implication for the critique. Article Summary The article being critiqued in this paper is entitled, Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research written by Paul V Dunmore. It is basically circumventing around the positive accounting theory research program as coined by Watts and Zimmerman. The duo staked the claim to the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) for their give theory. The author sought out to scrutinize the positive approach to the accounting research. The author viewed the positive accounting research as component of the broader intellectual project of scientific research which is poised to fathom and comprehend the cause-and-effect relationships in the underlying world of research (Dunmore 2011). The article has regarded the positive accounting in the wider perspective of study program that aims at the development of the causal explication of the human behavior in the context of accounting. The article has also undertaken an examination of epistemology and ontology of such positivist accounting program. Various tests including those of logic of statistical hypothesis while cursorily analogous to falsification criterion of Popper have also been acknowledged to stay inferior. The article has also acknowledged that despite the broad positivist research program remains potentially powerful, the deficiencies in practice impedes the realization of its full potential. The common challenges in the impeding the program have also been recognized in the article including the casual construction of the theoretical models that needs testing besides the undue dependence on the logic of hypothesis testing (Dunmore 2011). Absence of interest in the numerical values of parameters alongside inadequate imitation to merit confidence in finding acceptance have also been further identified as common impediments to the program. The utilization of theories as the lenses for examining qualitative data instead of as explications to be tested is another common challenge facing this program. The article has further considered illustrations from relevant and good articles to justify the arguments. The author reviewed the broader intellectual project alongside the ontological as well as epistemological assumptions to comprehend the both the significance and discrepancies of positive accounting study. From the review, it was discovered serious deficiencies in the manner that positive accounting study is performed, which impedes it from making meaningful contribution to the broader project (Watts and Zimmerman 2012). The author held that as currently positive research is being practiced in accounting, it stays vastly incompetent to attain the scientific objectives. Nevertheless, the author remains optimistic that with the Kuhns explication of the normal science efficiently fits the positive accounting research (Dunmore 2011). The prospects of Kuhns description are explained in brief based on Kuhnian crisis besides revolution. It is held that such a crisis and revolution is potential to liberate the positive accounting thereby achieving its full potential (Williams 2009). Research Questions/Hypotheses The author has used various hypotheses alongside research questions which he explained that he is not asserting their truth, but rather merely probing for an enthusiastic postponement of incredulity to allow their deliberation. A list of four hypotheses has been given by the author and advanced fairly hesitantly, conscious that for several of human existence they might have been imagined outrageous and impious and that seemingly a great proportion of humanity might continue to discover the same (Dunmore 2011). The following list gives the working hypotheses imagined in a stream of intellectual enquiry in this article. A world that is autonomous of peoples imagine exist which was not made up by people and its events are never subject to the wishes of people control This worlds events have causes that are themselves component of the world which means that neither fully random nor the outcomes of the interventions from external world It is feasible for normal persons to acquire fairly reliable information regarding the worlds events through careful observation. This does not mean that people will not be mistaken when observing, but rather such observations are never wholly unlinked to such a world The intellectual enquiry purposes to utilize observations to attain a comprehension of this world, and specifically of causation. This means that people seek out mental models that accurately map the process of causal which take place in such a world The main research questions being explored in this article are; How does positive accounting research being applied in accounting practice? To what extent does the deficiencies in the implementation of positive accounting research resulted in the PAT research program being ineffective than expected? Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework adopted for this article emerges from a positivist perspective of a disappointed theoretical physicist whose accounting research remains positivist stressing either model building or testing (Dunmore 2011). The criticisms of the author, therefore, anchored the perspective of an individual who thinks that the research project is significant, and disillusioned by the inefficient and ineffective versions that are presently practiced in accounting. The author uses this perspective to urge both editors and referees to embrace such actions to nudge the current systems towards the liberation of positive accounting research to attain its full potential. The theoretical substance of this paper, therefore, builds from the acknowledgment from the auditing literature review that serious deficiencies exist in the present practice in accounting research that hinders PAT research program from making a substance contribution to the broader project. This is aimed at establishing positive accounting research as a well-established social system to contribute to the scientific research project (Dunmore 2011). This is based on the realization that adoption of Kuhn (1970) study findings, it would be hopeless to persuade elites to embrace a more than ever effective paradigm. The author further acknowledges a reprieve presented by the data that arose from Fogarty and Markarian (2007) that hinted that the comparative stance of the elite could be diminishing. Accordingly, the author held anticipated an upcoming future crisis besides an opportunity for embracing a more than ever useful paradigm (Dunmore 2011). The author subsequently basis his argument on offering suggestions for actions by editors and referees to nudge the current systems towards liberating PAT research to hit its full potential. The author is this informed by the acknowledgement that it is significant to understand the Modus Operandi of the world and subsequently considered it as an undesirability that the associated research stream is inefficient and ineffective, and, hence he has offered specific suggestions for improvement. Significance and Limitation The systematic review of the auditing literature through the qualitative method applied in this study faces some limitations. One of these limitations is that there is a possibility of carrying forward certain mistakes or errors made by previous authors into the current study. In addition, the method limits the generation of new findings since there is no room to gather the primary data by using secondary data that might not capture the changes effectively. The other problems in the theory used in this study is the absence of theoretical models that are extremely specified and hence vulnerable to allow detailed testing (Dunmore 2011). The author has recognized these limitations by suggesting the need for better theoretical models. This is because the emerging elaborate models from analytical research are never framed to be testable because of their insufficient development and concentration on tractability based on concepts which are never effectively defined theoretically to enable operationalization. The author has also acknowledged the absence of better measurements to enable rigorous testing of theoretical models due to failed operationalization of concepts (Dunmore 2011). The other limitation acknowledged is the lack of standardized reliable linear relationship-based way to be upheld in measuring every study. The frequent re-invention of measurement and re-estimation of parameters with individual sample per study has been acknowledged as the limitation that hinders positive research from hitting its full potential (Watts and Zimmerman 2010). The author has effectively drawn theoretical conclusions from the research that are methodologically justifiable. This is because the limitations have been identified from the systematic review of the past auditing literature which have then formed the basis for suggesting improvements to enable positive research meet its full potential (Dunmore 2011). For example, the suggested the need for shifting focus away from the hypotheses testing towards parameters estimation after being informed by the concentration of hypothesis testing from the past studies reviewed. The limitations have substantially adversely affected the significance of the study while they have concurrently positively affected the contribution of the article to the discipline. This is because the ineffectiveness in methodology and theories in the article did not give room to present reliable outcomes, but the discipline is enhanced going forward through suggesting recommendation that should inform subsequent studies to enable positive research meet its full potential (Dunmore 2011). Conclusion The article has comprehensively undertaken an examination of both epistemology and ontology of positive research besides detailed consideration of the manner in which the present practice of such a research falls short of the expectation or the requirements to run the research program satisfactorily. It has offered several suggestions for the qualitative positive research. The first discovery is a need for better theoretical models (Dunmore 2011). The author has unearthed that models that are extremely specified and hence exceedingly vulnerable, besides that are undertake seriously as detailed testing subjects are needed. The author has also acknowledged that disappointing progress is ongoing in positive accounting research as a direct aftermath of utilizing ad hoc quantitative models that are diminished to mere statements of the anticipated sign of a connection between two variables (Dunmore 2011). There is a finding that the exceedingly elaborate models emerging from analytical study remain unstructured for testing. This is due to either the increased concentration on tractability or insufficiency in their development based on concepts which are never theoretically well-sufficiently defined for operationalization (Christie 2007). Another discovery is the need for much effective measurement boost the testing of theoretical models rigorously. There is a need to carefully operationalize the concepts by unearthing proxies for attention-grabbing concepts capable of showing dependable correlations with proxies for additional interesting concepts. The author calls for increased attention towards selecting accurate functional form that will usually be that with a linear association with additional concepts (Baiman 2010). The measurement has to be utilized as a benchmark in consequent researches instead of re-invention of the measurement for individual study. The implication of this critique, therefore, is that limitations to the positive research have been identified and counteractive strategies for improvement suggested. Thus adopting such improvements will saw positive research achieving its full potential. References Baiman, S., 2010. Agency research in managerial accounting: A second look. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15(4), pp.341-371. Christie, A.A., 2007. On cross-sectional analysis in accounting research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 9(3), pp.231-258. Dunmore, P.V., 2011. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Available at SSRN 1955419. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2012. Positive accounting theory. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2010. Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. Accounting review, pp.131-156. Williams, P.F., 2009. The logic of positive accounting research. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 14(5), pp.455-468.

Migraine Headaches Are The Result Of A Disturbance In The Neurochemist

Migraine headaches are the result of a disturbance in the neurochemistry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occurs, it means that something has altered several of the neurotransmitter-sensitive receptors located on the outside surface of the nerve cells (neurons) so that the nervous system is no longer able to constantly maintain the natural balance that the nervous system is intended to maintain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that nerve cells (neurons) use to communicate messages to each other. Receptors are special areas that receive these chemical messages. The key neurotransmitter in migraine is called serotonin (often referred to in the scientific literature as 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan). If something interferes with the normal functioning (production, release, receptor docking, and/or re-uptake) of serotonin, that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system and can lead to various symptoms associated with migraine. The severe pain associated with migraine occurs when the mechanism that normally inhibits and/or mediates pain is disabled. There is no actual tissue damage occuring during a migraine attack. Instead, the pain results from a deranged neurochemistry. Migraine pain is like a loud fire alarm bell ringing when there is no fire. Scientists suspect that a caffeine withdrawal could be the possible cause of common migraines. Why? Well, caffeine is a powerful psychoactive drug that is addictive. Caffeine withdrawals produce all the same symptoms as migraine. Chronic caffeine use causes a number of changes to the central nervous system. Caffeine use increases the number of some types of serotonin receptors and some types of adenosine receptors as well. Adenosine is another neurotransmitter; adenosine strongly inhibits serotonin release. Chronic caffeine use increases the number of adenosine receptors.(The body is trying to compensate for the constant presence of caffeine, which occupies and blockades adenosine receptors and thus interferes with adenosine reception.) When caffeine is withdrawn, however, the chronic caffeine user is left with too many adenosine receptors. Having too many adenosine receptors is equivalent to having too much adenosine. As a result, serotonin release is inhibited and this leads to migraine symptoms. As you know there are many drugs used against migraine. Many of these drugs contain caffeine, for good reason: caffeine relieves migraine by reversing caffeine withdrawal. Migraine drugs that contain caffeine include Fiorinal (40mg caffeine), Fioricet (40mg caffeine), Excedrin (65mg caffeine), Anacin (32mg caffeine), Cafergot, Norgesic Forte (60mg caffeine), and others. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) is effective in relieving migraine attacks presumably because the sumatriptan molocule mimics (is very similar to) the serotonin molocule, and thus is called a serotonin agonist (helper). Sumatriptan, in other words, makes up for the shortfall of serotonin by occupying certain types of serotonin receptors. Sumatriptan is called a selective serotonin agonist because it has a greater affinity for (sticks more to) certain types of serotonin receptors than others. Other drugs, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, are intended for the treatment of depression but they also seem to reduce frequency and/or severity of headaches including migraine (although they are not as effective as sumatriptan against oncoming migraine attacks). These drugs are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which means they interfere in the reuptake of serotonin back into the interior of the nerve cells (neurons). To understand what reuptake means you need to understand that neurotransmitters, once released, must be quickly grabbed and transported back into the interior of nerve cells for reuse. That must happen to "clears the boards" for the next message. If something (like Paxil) interferes with re-uptake of serotonin, that makes more serotonin available to dock with serotonin receptors. That explains why these anti-depressant drugs help reduce migraine to a certain extent. If caffeine withdrawal causes migraines then there is a way to end your migraines without surgery. You would have to either quit caffeine entirely or else maintain consistent daily caffeine intake. To do either you would need to be aware of all caffeine sources in food, drink, and

Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Essays

Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Essays Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Essay Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Essay One of the common psychosocial jobs is child maltreatment that has been encountered most of kids worldwide. Child maltreatment can take several signifiers of ill-treatment, it is classified to 4 types chiefly, physical, emotional, sexual and neglect. Children s parents and the health professional have been identified to be the most abuser in such instances. There are a batch of concealed facts that contribute to child maltreatment ; emphasis, drug and intoxicant consumption are illustrations of the causes that lye down behind it. Some effects of childhood ill-treatments are so deep and can be extended to adolescence and adulthood. As wellness supplier you should be cognizant for the marks and symptoms abused because early designation and direction can assist to decrease the long-run effects of maltreatment. On other manus there are two types of bar of kid maltreatment primary, and secondary. Raising a kid is non easy. Child maltreatment is considers a chief job that is endangering kids all over the universe. Most of us ca nt conceive of the effects of kid maltreatment.Unfortunately most of the victim are abused by their parents or any household member who might be really near to them. In the same clip kid maltreatment can go on in anyplace at schools, nines, and street non merely at place. ( In 2007, about 5.8 million kids were involved in an estimated 3.2 million kid maltreatment studies and allegations. In the United States ) Child Abuse is defined as hazard to a kid inflicted by another individual, normally the health professional ( Leiter, n.d para1 ) and includes physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment, and disregard. Child maltreatment can be brought by any one at any clip. Child maltreatment is seen in different frame, physical, sexual, emotional, and disregard. This paper is designed to speak about the types, causes, effects of kid maltreatment and how to cover with it by pull offing and forestalling it. Physical maltreatment can be classified as any effort or injury to a kid where the health professional was scruples of the hazard before the fact. Physical maltreatment refers to non inadvertent hurt to a kid. Physical maltreatment is highly unsafe to the kid and can do lasting physical and mental disablements May include striking, combustion, agitating, squeezing or drawing hair or ear. The kid may come with seeable grade of ill-treatment such as: cuts or contusions, breaks and internal hurts. On the other manus Sexual maltreatment refers to any sexual behaviour between a kid and an grownup or an older, bigger, or more powerful individual, for that individual s sexual enjoyment. Sexual maltreatment while still wholly atrocious is frequently times blown wholly out of graduated table and is the most advertised type of maltreatment ( Leiter, n.d Para 2 ) . Sexual activity maltreatment ranges from unwanted busss to inappropriate touching to sexual interaction. It is the most unsafe signifier of maltreatment because it consequences in really bad cicatrixs that are deep and durable, impacting non merely abused kids but the whole society. Sexual maltreatment is frequently times kept hidden more than other types of maltreatment. Children are forced and threatened non to state any one of the brushs because of the societal humiliation of being involved in sexual maltreatment. While, Emotional maltreatment refers to a chronic attitude or behaviour directed at a kid, or the creative activity of an emotional environment, which is earnestly unfavourable to or impairs the kid s psychological and/or physical development. This type of opprobrious behaviour can convey down an person s feeling of ego worth and self-pride. It let the victims to experience ineptitude and it can hold more durable negative psychological effects than physical maltreatment. Such as deficiency of fondness, disregarding, rejecting, and isolating, failure to embrace, utmost penalty. Furthermore, Negl ect is frequently thought of as the most unsafe type of maltreatment. Neglect refers to any serious skip or committee by a individual which jeopardizes or impairs the kid s psychological, rational, or physical development ( Leiter, n.d Para5 ) Neglect includes anything from go forthing kids entirely for long periods of clip to non giving them the correct attention for illustration, failure to supply equal nutrient, vesture, or hygiene. Like any other maltreatment, kid maltreatment besides has a cause. There are many causes of kid maltreatment. The most major 1 among the causes is mental unwellness, every bit good as psychological jobs. The inclination is that people who are non in their right heads, could easy make injury to kids, whether knowing or non. Besides, household jobs are major causes of child maltreatment such as hapless household relationships, divorce and separation, desperation and inability to get by with parenting or hapless parental sexual relationship. Parents under the power of drugs could easy ache their kids, besides drug or intoxicant dramas an of import function in arousing and the uncontrolled behaviours towards the kid. Plus, fiscal jobs could raise parents or other members of the household to mistreat kids as an mercantile establishment of their emotions. Stress could besides be a root cause of kid maltreatment, besides disorganized household and socially isolated can be cause, in add-on t o these causes hard kid who have characteristics of demanding or overactive may arouse the pique of the parents which may take to physical maltreatment, on the other manus handicapped kid who frequently more dependent will be prone to any type of maltreatment because they have physical or mental disablements or both of them.It is good to cognize the cause of maltreatment on a certain kid so that the intervention will be easy to implement. The effects of kid maltreatment can be direct shown in childhood or maturity Childs who have experienced kid maltreatment are likely to hold some emotional and psychological jobs whether they show them or non and in worse instances, a kid might hold suicidal inclinations because of this. The effects of kid maltreatment on a kid depends on how great the maltreatment is, the greater the maltreatment, the greater the consequence on the overall province of the kid. Depression, emphasis and injury are besides some of the effects of kid maltreatment in kids. Abused kids besides exhibit conditions like trouble in constructing up relationships in people, low ego image, eating upsets, every bit good as physical disablements. Child maltreatment could besides take down the self worth of the kid who experienced it. In add-on to that some effects of kid maltreatment are obvious: physical or mental issues broken or bruised organic structure, mental upsets, eating, slumber, opprobrious etc, separation of household, kid become lone wolf, arrested development kid acts younger than age well and on intent, halt speech production, more accidents of lavatory trained, hapless instruction, failure to win, favoritism, low ego regard, hapless ego assurance, hapless ego image, self injury, aching others, can impact offense, teenage gestations Management of suspected kid maltreatment Abused kids may show in the infirmary or to medical nursing staff in the community. They may besides be brought for a medical sentiment by societal services or the constabulary. In all instances, the processs of the local country kid protection commission should be the followed.the medical audience should be the same as for any medical status, with a full history and full scrutiny.it is normally most productive when this is conducted in a sensitive and concerned manner without being accusatory or reprobating.any hurts or medical determination should be carefully noted, measured, recorded and drawn on a topographic chart they may necessitate to be photographic with parental consent.the tallness, weight and caput perimeter should be recorded and kept in a chart. All notes should be dated, timed and signed. Treatment of specific hurts should be ingested and blood trials and X-ray undertaken. If maltreatment is suspected or confirm, a determination needs to be made as to whether immediat e intervention is required and if the kid needs immediate protection from farther injury. If this is the instance, this may be achieved by admittance to infirmary, which besides allows probe and multidisciplinary appraisal. If sympathetically handled, most parents are willing to accept medical advice for hospital admittance for observation and probe. Occasionally this is non possible and legal enforcement is required. If medical intervention is non necessary but it is felt to be insecure for the kid to return place, arrangement may be found in a surrogate place. In add-on to a elaborate medical appraisal, rating by societal workers and other wellness professional will be required. A kid protection conference will be convened in conformity with local processs.in the UK, the conference will be chaired by senior member of societal services section or of the National society for the bar of inhuman treatment to kids ( NSPCC ) .Member of conference may include societal worker, wellness vi sitants, constabulary, general practician, instructors and attorneies.increasingly, parents attend all or portion of the cause conference.Details of the incidents taking to the conference and the household background will be discussed.good communicating and a swearing working relationship between the professional are critical as it can be highly hard to measure the likeliness that injures were inflicted intentionally and possible result of legal continuing.The conference will make up ones mind whether to put the kid s name on the kid protection, besides there should be an application to the tribunal to protect registry the kid and follow up is needed.if the kid is topographic point is placed on the kid protection protection registry, the societal services section will bring forth a kid protection attention program which will include medical follow up in many cases. There are many stairss which can be taken besides to protect the kid.in UK, this enshrined legislatively in kids act ( 1989 ) , which clarified and acknowledge the jurisprudence, and came into operation in late 1991. Child maltreatment bar: There are two types of kid maltreatment bar primary and secondary bar Primary bar involves placing households at hazard before any hurt occurs. There may be call for aid from the female parent, such as frequent visit to the physician for minor jobs or ailments of inordinate weeping or hard eating. The female parent may state that she thinks she will wound the kid: this should ever be taken earnestly and stairss taken to live over the crisis by acknowledging the kid to hospital if necessary. Once recognize as a household at hazard, add-on support from wellness visitant or societal worker may forestall the crisis taking to existent hurt. Secondary bar means identifying kids who have been injured and taken stairss to forestall farther hurt. Subsequent hurt is likely to be more terrible. Plans will usually be made at instance conference and may intend taking the kid from place at least temporarily, but many kids possibly 35-45 % can be reunited with their parents when state of affairs improves. Child maltreatment can be prevented through the attempts to construct on household strength. This could be achieved through activities such as parent instruction, place visit, parent support groups or public instruction. The Child Abuse Prevention Service ( CAPS ) was founded in 1973 and aims to relieve kid maltreatment in all its signifiers through household support and community instruction. CAPS runs a free, national telephone line offering support, information, and referral to those affected by or concerned about kid maltreatment. You can name the telephone line on 1800 688 009 and talk to one of our highly-trained support workers. In decision, kid maltreatment needs to be better recognized. In order for it to be more recognized, people need to derive more cognition. More information demands to be presented to the populace. Everyone needs to work together to diminish this job because whether or non you think it is impacting you, it truly is. Abuse affects society as ? ° whole and that includes everyone in it. Child maltreatment is the figure one slayer of kids all over the universe. The four signifiers neglect, emotional maltreatment, physical maltreatment, and sexual maltreatment continue to run kids all over the universe. Child maltreaters inflict physical, sexual, and emotional injury on defenseless kids every twenty-four hours. The cicatrixs can be deep and durable. Everyone can back up and assist abused kid by describing of any kid maltreatment instance so they can back up the kid by pull offing the maltreatment or forestalling farther harm.

Reading for the Implied Main Idea

Reading for the Implied Main Idea Before getting into a discussion on how to find an implied main idea, you have to know what the main idea is in the first place. The main idea of a paragraph is the point of the passage, minus all the details. Its the big picture - the Solar System vs. the planets. The football game vs. the fans, cheerleaders, quarterback, and uniforms. The Oscars vs. actors, the red carpet, designer gowns, and films. Its the summary. What Is an Implied Main Idea? Sometimes, a reader will get lucky and the main idea will be a stated main idea, where the main idea is easy to find because its written directly in the text. However, many of the passages youll read on a standardized test like the SAT or GRE will have an implied main idea, which is a little trickier. If the author doesnt directly state the main idea of the text, its up to you to infer what the main idea is. Finding the implied main idea is easier if you think of the passage as a box. Inside the box, is a random group of stuff (the details of the passage). Pull each item from the box and try to figure out what they each have in common, kind of like the game Tri-Bond. Once youve figured out what the common bond is among each of the items, youll be able to summarize the passage in a snap. How to Find the Implied Main Idea Read the passage of text.Ask this question to yourself: What do each of the details of the passage have in common?In your own words, find the common bond among all the details of the passage and the authors point about this bond.Compose a short sentence stating the bond and what the author says about the bond. Step 1: Read the Implied Main Idea Example When youre with your friends, its okay to be loud and use slang. Theyll expect it and they arent grading you on your grammar. When youre standing in a boardroom or sitting for an interview, you should use your best English possible, and keep your tone suitable to the working environment. Try to gauge the personality of the interviewer and the setting of the workplace before cracking jokes or speaking out of turn. If youre ever in a position to speak publicly, always ask about your audience, and modify your language, tone, pitch and topic based on what you think the audiences preferences would be. Youd never give a lecture about atoms to third-graders! Step 2: Whats the Common Thread? In this case, the author is writing about hanging out with friends, going on an interview, and speaking publicly, which, at first glance, dont seem to relate to each other that much. If you find a common bond among all them, though, youll see that the author is giving you different situations and then telling us to speak differently in each setting (use slang with friends, be respectful and quiet in an interview, modify your tone publicly). The common bond is speaking, which will have to be part of the implied main idea. Step 3. Summarize the Passage A sentence like Different situations requires different kinds of speech would fit perfectly as the implied main idea of that passage. We had to infer that because the sentence doesnt appear anywhere in the paragraph, but it was easy enough to find this implied main idea when you looked at the common bond uniting each idea.

CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Promissory estoppel is important in the sense that it can be used as a defense by a party to prevent another from turning back from the concession he or she has given and enforce his or her rights against the recipient of the concession. In order for promissory estoppel to arise, there must be a clear and unequivocal representation made by the parties that a right will not be enforced against the other. According to the court in the case of Woodhouse Israel Cocoa v Nigerian Produce Marketing Company2, there is a need for the party or the parties making the concession to inform the other party or parties regarding the concession made. The parties must clearly state the rights being waived or the favors which are extended to the other parties to create a clear representation. In other words, the concession made must be clearly communicated and understood by both parties otherwise said concession may not be considered as validly made. As decided by the court in the case of Baird Textiles holdings ltd V Marks & spencer plc3, where the concession made is ambivalent and insufficient to establish a clear representation, the party or parties to whom the concession was made may not use the doctrine of promissory estoppel as a defense. Is there a need to make an express concession to in order for the parties to make use of the doctrine of promissory estoppel? Apparently, the court does not require an express concession from the parties but rather it only requires that the concession must be unequivocal and sufficiently clear to be understood by the parties. According to the decision of the court in the case of Hughes V Metropolitan Railway Co.4, an implied representation can be a ground for promissory estoppel. Thus, if the acts of one party impliedly tell the other party that it is granting a favor to the other and the party who had been impliedly

Parphrase for ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parphrase for ibrahim - Essay Example Pin 4 – The function of Pin number 4 is that of Reset. From the word on go, the Rest Pin stays within the state of High state connectivity in the form of resistance of 100 kilo resistor. The relational voltage in this accord is that of 0.8 Volts as a whole. The 555 timer based oscillator is actually a specific type of circuit that produces high intensity based and swiftly moving waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms is alterable through the connection of an RC circuit by attaching a single capacitor and a pair of resistors. The circuit so obtained makes up for a particular form of flexible oscillator that produces square waveforms which themselves are relatively static in their outlook. The given waveforms may end up with a specific frequency ranging up to as high as 500 kHz and further more it assists the duty cycles which can provide the wavelength of as high as up to the range of fifty to a hundred percent. In contrast to the mono stable set of circuits which halts its movement through the course of given time is lapsed, oscillator circuit at hand enables the function of re-triggering mechanism obtained through the meddling of the trigger input pin Number two along with the given sixth Pin that are explained above and each operating to a specific threshold voltage. The scenario can be explained as following. The given set of oscillator circuit, Two pins, one Pin number Two and the second number that of Pin number six are used in the given coordinated combinational uniformity. The given combination enables for the process of a self-triggering formula in every round trip. This in turn enables the circuit to operate as the running oscillator. The aforementioned circuit is also given another name and that is the voltage-to-frequency converter. The name is given on the account of fact that the overall external frequency is variable in nature through the alteration of the internal voltage variation. Pin number five often serves for

Improving mathematics Essay Example for Free

Improving mathematics Essay It is important for Mathematics teachers to create an atmosphere in which the subject is not seen to be outside of the student’s sphere of involvement and therefore irrelevant. Mathematics techniques that relate the subjects to things in the everyday world will more readily grasp the student’s attention and get him or her fully involved in the learning process. Mathematics can become more powerful and engaging if it is built â€Å"into an extended inquiry on a topic of importance for [the] subject, for students, and for the world at large† (Daniels Zemelman, 2004). Since the techniques practiced in the subject are used by people from retailers to engineers, teachers should take real life situations to the classroom and connect them to each lesson. For example, since the world’s population has been growing exponentially, it is possible to illustrate a lesson on exponents using such an example (2004). The constructivist idea that learning should be predominantly an active and social experience should be applied to the teaching of mathematics (Crowther, 1997). Although it is easier to ascertain the level of achievement of a given student via individual work, it is possible for students to gain much more from learning sessions if they are allowed to interact with their peers while completing tasks. This has several advantages, but two very important ones are these: It gives students the opportunity to gain different perspectives on the problem as well as the chance to have the theory explained in a novel way. Since students are more in tune with the way other students think, those who understand the problem will be able to re-present it to their fellow struggling students and to reveal the nuances of their understanding possibly in ways that the teacher had never considered. The other benefit of allowing interaction is that it gives the teacher time and space to visit—not just individual students, which would take the entire class period, but groups. Within the groups, salient issues will likely have already come up, and will most likely be revealed more readily by the students, as the group setting reduces the embarrassment that generally attends airing one’s ignorance on a topic. It is often during working and not teaching that students â€Å"realize† that their understanding of the topic is limited. Creating an atmosphere in which questions will arise and will be easier for the student to ask is a general teaching method that will improve the mathematics learning. A very important and unnerving part of mathematics teaching is the assessment. Assessment has generally been used as a tool for screening and separating students who have an aptitude for mathematics from those who do not (Linchevski et al. , 1998). However, this use of assessment (along with ineffective teaching methods) has contributed to the hatred that many have of the subject (Cock Pickard). Instead, if assessment were used consciously as a tool to determine what students need to learn, it would become a more effective tool in teaching (Linchevski Kutcher, 1998). Inevitably, some (if not most) students in a class will attack at least one problem and come up with the wrong answer. However, during assessment it is necessary for the teacher to scrutinize the process. Mathematics problems can be considered similar to an essay in that the student allows the teacher a glimpse into his or her mental processes via the different steps taken to get from one level in the answer to another. The faulty reasoning that leads to these erroneous steps is the area in which students need help. Planning is a very important part of teaching mathematics, and it can be used in conjunction with this kind of assessment to benefit the students (Linchevski Kutcher, 1998). It might be found that several students make similar errors. In such cases, the teacher has the opportunity to plan general lessons to address the areas in which students have shown weakness. If only a few make similar errors, for one class period following the assessment students could be grouped according to the areas in which they demonstrated weakness. The teacher would then be able to move around to each groups and explain where the members went wrong. References Cock, S. P. Pickard. â€Å"Improving student learning on entry level mathematics courses through course design. † University of North London. http://homepages. north. londonmet. ac. uk/~pickardp/oxbrk696. htm Crowther, D. T.(1997). â€Å"The Constructivist Zone. † Electronic Journal of Science Education. Vol. 2(2). Daniels, H. S. Zemelman. (2004). Subjects matter: every teacher’s guide to content-area reading. Portsmouth: Heinemann. Linchevski, L. and Kutcher, B. (1998). â€Å"Tell me with whom you’re learning and I’ll tell you how much you’ve learned: Mixed-ability versus same-ability grouping in mathematics. † Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. November. Linchevski, L. , R. Liebenberg, M. Sasman A. Olivier. (1998). Assessme.

The Mysterious Gatsby in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, we know that Gatsby, the main character, is a mysterious man who doesn’t seem to show much personal growth throughout this book. Although, we do learn a lot about him through what the other characters reveal. We learn many different things about Gatsby through these rumors that it helps give us a better understanding of things. In the beginning of this novel everyone seems to know, or at least have heard, about Gatsby. He is talked about a lot and it is manly in a good way. Gatsby appears to be a very powerful person who also has a lot of respect from people. He has a very strange and kind of mysterious personality. For example when he has his party’s, usually on ever Saturday night, he seems to isolate himself from ...

Iron Crowned Chapter 9

I propped myself up so that I could look Dorian in the face. Even in dim lighting, I could see he was serious. â€Å"Who, Kiyo?† I asked in astonishment. â€Å"No, the other annoying kitsune in your life.† â€Å"Why would you †¦ why would you suggest something like that?† â€Å"Excellent question,† he murmured. His brow furrowed in thought, then relaxed into resignation. â€Å"Because his human blood would protect him and – my personal opinions of him aside – he is a good asset in a fight. Most importantly, he would have no interest in the crown. Nor would it be of any use to him.† Every one of those things was true. But there was one obvious problem. â€Å"Kiyo wouldn't help me. Not anymore. Jasmine would be more willing – if only for a chance to escape.† The argument that Kiyo and I had had in the mountains was still fresh in my head. This brought a smile to Dorian's lips, and he trailed his fingertips down my arm. â€Å"You doubt your own charms. The kitsune will help you, if you ask him nicely. He's not over you as much as you think. And he too would jump at the chance at some foolhardy way to end this war.† â€Å"Foolhardy †¦ You've gone back and forth on the usefulness of the crown yourself. And now you're willing to – † I almost said â€Å"allow† but recalled my earlier words. Dorian didn't dictate my life. † – accept me going off with my ex-boyfriend?† â€Å"This is an acceptable solution. Still dangerous †¦ but I believe you two could manage it. And I trust you,† Dorian said simply. â€Å"As you trust me.† I stared down into his eyes, dark in the flickering torchlight, though the striking shape of his face and fair skin glowed like a masterpiece in marble. â€Å"I do trust you.† He smiled again. â€Å"Good. We'll make plans in the morning. But for now †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The smile gave way to a yawn. â€Å"I need sleep. This has been a long day.† It was true. He'd been part of an epic battle and then made love – or whatever you wanted to classify that kinky shit as – like a pro. My day had been pretty busy too, to say the least. I put my head down, wrapping back against him, and soon slept in spite of the shocking suggestion he'd just made. When we woke, however, the crown became our immediate breakfast topic. We'd opted for private dining at a small table in the sitting room adjacent to his bedroom. After hearing about my traipsing about in his too-long robe, he'd had my own made for these slumber parties: white velvet with gold embroidery. It was a bit more elaborate than I would have preferred but felt nice against my bare skin. The wounds certainly appreciated loose clothing too. â€Å"Invite him to your castle,† said Dorian. Fully rested, he'd shifted completely into cunning mode, barely touching the elaborate spread of pastries and meats his servants had set before us. â€Å"The gods know he won't come here.† â€Å"Or Tucson,† I suggested after swallowing a gentry version of a cinnamon roll. Maybe I could get Tim the recipe. â€Å"He'd probably come to my house there.† Dorian considered. â€Å"No. Get him to this world, to your domain, so that you can leave as soon as possible. Above all, you must not – under any circumstances – allow him to go back to Maiwenn and consult her on this.† I swallowed another bite and smiled. â€Å"You think she'd be jealous?† â€Å"That's the least of our reasons.† He ticked them off on his fingers. â€Å"Remember – she fears you. Us. She wouldn't see this as an end to the war. She'd see it as you scrambling for power. And, who knows? The kitsune might have no use for the crown himself, but she could coax him into bringing it to her.† â€Å"She's not vying for power, last I knew. Besides – it's winning the crown that's the big deal, right? If it was just given to her, no one would respect her for it. If it can even be given †¦ I thought it returns home when it's away from its victor.† Dorian didn't respond right away. â€Å"True. But then that would still keep the crown from you. And we mustn't forget she might simply talk him out of it because of simple concern for his life.† Dorian's tone implied this was a petty concern. â€Å"No, don't give him a chance to talk to her. Invite him to you and ask – beg, if need be – for his help. Stress whatever urgent reason will work. A need to end the war. Make up some ultimatum from the ghost.† I set the roll down and tapped my water glass absentmindedly. This was all starting to make me feel strange. â€Å"There's a lot of conniving here.† â€Å"There always is in politics. In war. In love, even. But this can help us – more than you can imagine. We must put our faith in the old adage that the ends justify the means.† I sighed. â€Å"Okay, then. I'll do it. When?† â€Å"As soon as possible. Katrice is regrouping. We can take advantage of that.† That smooth, calculating air faded. â€Å"Though I hate to lose you.† â€Å"Hey.† I reached across the table and laid my hand over his. â€Å"Don't think of it as ‘losing' me. It's just like I'm going to Tucson for a few days.† He grimaced. â€Å"Except your petty human job doesn't carry such risks. Fetches aside. I do wish you'd let my healers take care of those wounds before you go.† The stitched-up cut itched, though the rest weren't bothering me. I tested the range of motion on my left arm. It was stiff but moved. â€Å"Let your healers keep working here. Maybe I'll have Shaya fix it up.† She didn't possess the skill of a bona fide healer but could do some quick patches. Dorian didn't like that but let the matter go. We finished breakfast, rehashing what little he knew about the path to the Iron Crown. I shed my robe for my normal clothes, after first having one of his servants clean and re-bandage my back. My mother would be proud, seeing me follow doctor's orders. We didn't know where Kiyo was exactly, here or the human world, but Dorian sent a messenger to Maiwenn's court, inviting him to mine. No one from our lands would be welcomed with open arms in her territory, but she'd allow a messenger through and hopefully let us know if he wasn't currently in the Otherworld. I also sent Volusian to Tim and Lara, warning I'd be gone for a while and to cancel all my appointments. Lara wouldn't like that, but I had a feeling it would be the least of her worries when faced with Volusian for the first time. When the time for me to leave came, Dorian couldn't hide his conflicted feelings. The part of him always striving for advantage and control wanted that crown. The part of him that loved me worried about what I was walking into. â€Å"It'll be okay,† I said, wrapping my arms around him. â€Å"I'm Storm King's daughter, remember? This'll be cake. And hey, if that ghost's lying, I'll be back tonight.† â€Å"I don't know if I'd prefer that or not,† he mused. He rested his hand behind my neck and gave me a long, lingering kiss. â€Å"Be careful, Eugenie. Fight hard, but be careful. And take this.† From a hidden pocket in his cloak, he produced something glittering and handed it to me. I held it up. It was a ring, hanging on a fine chain. Both were made of gold. A diamond flanked by sapphires sat prominently on the ring, which was fashioned to look like a circle of leaves. â€Å"Is this magic?† I asked. He shook his head. â€Å"Just something to remember me by. Just something to think about.† I eyed him carefully. Marriage happened among the gentry, though not as often as among humans. Considering our divorce rate, maybe that was smart. They didn't give engagement rings like humans did, but he'd know my world's custom. This ring suddenly made me uneasy. â€Å"It's a thing of beauty,† he said, seeing my reaction. â€Å"For someone beautiful. I knew you wouldn't wear it on your finger, so keep it on the chain.† I nodded. Sometimes a gift was just a gift – particularly when someone was afraid his beloved might get killed soon. I kissed him again. â€Å"Thank you.† I'd come alone via the human world, so he sent an escort back to the Thorn Land with me. No one except Dorian and Masthera knew what I was going to do, but the group could sense something big was about to go down. Tension crackled around us as we traveled. Like so many, these soldiers considered Dorian and me a powerhouse. They could hardly wait to see what would happen next. Kiyo wasn't waiting for me in the Thorn Land, not that I'd expected results that quickly. No refusal had come from Maiwenn either, which I took as a good sign. â€Å"What are you and my lord planning?† asked Rurik when he saw me. â€Å"You've got that look.† â€Å"What look is that?† I asked curiously. He reminded me of Tim. â€Å"The look that says you're planning something.† I rolled my eyes. â€Å"Eloquent as ever, Rurik.† â€Å"Should I assemble fighters?† he asked, shrugging off my comment. Shaya joined us then, scrolls in her arms. â€Å"No. I do this alone. Well, not exactly. Kiyo's coming with me. I hope. He should be showing up here today.† I spoke more confidently than I felt. Despite Dorian's certainties, I still wasn't sure whether Kiyo would help or not. Rurik and Shaya exchanged glances. â€Å"Stop that,† I told them. â€Å"It's perfectly platonic. Dorian suggested it.† Rurik looked like he still had a few things to say about it, but Shaya interrupted. â€Å"The Linden King wrote back. He won't join with us – but he also won't fight against us.† â€Å"Not the best news, not the worst. We'll see if he comes crawling when his power's in dispute.† The words came out with more venom than I expected. Rurik seemed to approve. Shaya leafed through more papers. â€Å"Caria, the Laurel Queen, would like to meet with you and discuss the war, however.† I knew nothing about that land. â€Å"Have we even contacted her?† â€Å"No,† said Shaya, giving me a meaningful look. â€Å"But her kingdom borders the Linden Land.† â€Å"Ah.† I smiled. My comment to Ranelle that others would be eyeing her king's land as his power faded was true. In refusing my offer to defend against that, they'd allowed someone else to solicit me for the other side of that future dispute. â€Å"He'll regret his neutrality later. See if Caria'll meet with Dorian while I'm gone.† Dorian would understand the situation perfectly. I figured this was it and started to leave. â€Å"There's one more thing,† added Shaya, twisting a black braid in that nervous habit of hers. â€Å"Girard would like to see you.† Her unease had made me think something bad was coming, but Girard was one of the few people who rarely delivered bad news. If anything, he usually delivered gifts, always coming up with some marvelous new piece of craftsmanship. Some pieces – like Dorian's sword and Jasmine's chains – I'd commissioned specifically. Sometimes, however, inspiration struck the artist, and he'd present some intricately worked necklace or diadem that I felt certain was beyond human skill. He could even touch iron in very small amounts. â€Å"I'm sure he's made something great, but I'm not in the mood today,† I told her. â€Å"I want to see Jasmine.† â€Å"He's not here to display work. He wants to introduce you to his sister.† She looked at me expectantly and seemed surprised by my lack of reaction. â€Å"You've never heard of her? Imanuelle de la Colline?† I shook my head. â€Å"Should I have?† Shaya shrugged. â€Å"Maybe not. But I think you'll find her †¦ interesting. It'll only take a minute.† It was true I was in a hurry, but Shaya's attitude intrigued me. We went to Girard's workshop, rooms I'd given to him on the castle's outer edge in case his work ever set something on fire. He was bent over a table, fingers magically working a bundle of metal and jewels. â€Å"Another crown?† I asked with amusement. They seemed to be his favorite thing to make. Girard looked up, startled, and bowed. â€Å"No, Your Majesty. It's something Lord Rurik has requested. If you'd like another crown – â€Å" I waved him silent. â€Å"No, no. God knows I have plenty. Hardly seems like Rurik's style, though.† Girard didn't comment. Client confidentiality, I supposed. Turning, he pointed off toward the side of his workshop, and I gaped. A woman stood there, and somehow I hadn't noticed her upon entering – which seemed impossible. She and her brother shared the same dark skin and black hair, as well as a taste for bright clothing. The dress she wore was a stunning teal silk, cut shorter than most gentry dresses. Something about it gave me the impression she wore it for utility, not sexiness. â€Å"Your Majesty,† she said, sweeping me a curtsey. Also like Girard, a faintly French-sounding accent laced her words. â€Å"This is my sister, Imanuelle,† he said. Like Shaya, he seemed to expect me to know who his sister was. â€Å"It's nice to meet you,† I told her. When no one said anything, I shifted restlessly, impatient to go. Seeing this, Imanuelle strode forward, her steps graceful and liquid. â€Å"Your Majesty,† she said. â€Å"I've come to offer my services to you, should you like to hire me.† I glanced at the other faces, seeking more information, but received none. â€Å"What do you do?† I asked. â€Å"Do you work metal like Girard?† A mischievous smile crossed Imanuelle's face. She had caught on that I really didn't know who she was and appeared to enjoy that. â€Å"No. My talents are of †¦ a different nature.† I saw a slight gesture of her hand, and then suddenly, the teal silk dress turned yellow. A moment later, it changed form altogether, turning into a flowing velvet gown. Then, she wasn't Imanuelle at all. A clone of Shaya stood before me. After letting that sink in, Imanuelle returned to her original form. She bowed, as though having just performed a stage show. â€Å"I'm an illusionist,† she said. â€Å"I can make people see things that aren't there. Most importantly, I can make myself look like anything I choose.† It was one of the cooler gentry powers, but I didn't entirely see how it'd be useful for me. â€Å"So I can finally be in two places at once?† I joked. That brought another smile. â€Å"I suppose †¦ but I've honed other skills to accompany these. Ones many monarchs find useful. I †¦ get rid of problems.† Apparently guessing my confusion, Shaya sighed and dropped her usual formality. â€Å"You're better off not dancing around the subject. My queen prefers directness.† She turned to me. â€Å"Imanuelle is an assassin, Your Majesty.† Imanuelle's smile tightened a little. I think she preferred her more flowery description. â€Å"That's an ugly word for a formidable skill set.† It took me a moment to catch on. â€Å"So, you're here to – Wait. You think I'm going to hire you to, what, assassinate Katrice?† Imanuelle shrugged eloquently, and her brother spoke up for her. â€Å"Some might see that as a quick way to end the war, if I may be so bold.† Girard had picked up that I didn't like this idea at all and was understandably nervous. He valued his position with me. â€Å"It's a dirty, sneaky way to end a war!† I exclaimed. â€Å"It'd make me no better than Katrice and her bastard son.† â€Å"It would eliminate Katrice directly,† said Imanuelle. â€Å"Since she is the source of your problems. I could disguise myself as someone in her castle. Quick, easy. No other innocents need be hurt.† For a heartbeat, her words almost made sense. Then I shook my head emphatically. â€Å"No. I'm not going to stoop to that level.† Some of Imanuelle's pleasant demeanor faded. â€Å"There are monarchs who would give half their kingdoms for my services! I'm very selective. I'm doing you a great honor.† I narrowed my eyes. â€Å"You're doing me an honor?† She hesitated, realizing she was addressing one of the most formidable queens in the Otherworld. Again, Girard jumped in to save her. â€Å"Forgive our presumption, Your Majesty. We only wanted to offer it as an option.† â€Å"It's been offered,† I said bluntly. â€Å"And refused. Thank you for the ‘honor.' You're welcome to visit your brother, of course, but I'd prefer that you stay here no longer than absolutely necessary.† I turned dramatically away from them, just catching the outrage on Imanuelle's face, and strode out. Shaya hurried by my side. â€Å"Spoken like a queen,† she said. â€Å"Do I need to worry about that woman killing me now?† I asked. â€Å"Is she going to change into you and pull a knife on me?† â€Å"I'm sure you'd respond as efficiently as you do to the other attacks on you,† said Shaya dryly. â€Å"Her illusions aren't foolproof to everyone. I'm guessing Volusian could see through them if he were around. But, honestly †¦ although her pride has been hurt – she does have quite the reputation – I suspect she'll simply stalk off and leave you be, if only for her brother's sake.† â€Å"Well, that's nice. One less person trying to kill me.† I raked my hand through my hair. â€Å"Anything else I need to deal with?† That was a loaded question, of course. Shaya had a few more business matters for me to look over before I could finally see Jasmine. I hadn't talked to her after the dinner at Dorian's and felt she'd be a good distraction as I waited to see if Kiyo would come. I found her outside in one of the gardens, sitting in the shade of a mesquite tree as the sun grew higher and the heat increased. Her guards stood stoically nearby, and her fine chains glittered in the light. At my approach, she glanced up from a book. Petulant, power-hungry teen that she might be, she was also an avid reader, using fantasy to escape her mundane existence when she'd still lived among humans. This book was one I'd brought her recently, the first in a trendy series. â€Å"Is it good?† I asked, sitting down opposite her. â€Å"Not bad,† she said, playing cool. A moment later, she gave herself away. â€Å"Are there more out in the series?† â€Å"Three more, I think.† She said nothing but smiled as she set the book beside her. â€Å"Did you have fun at Dorian's?† I asked. â€Å"Yeah. It was nice to be out.† Her eyes gazed off, not really focusing on anything. â€Å"I think the best part was watching Shaya scare off all the guys hitting on me.† She turned back to me. â€Å"Is that what it's like for you all the time?† â€Å"Not since I got together with Dorian. They've slacked off – and Shaya doesn't scare them away. She abandons me.† Jasmine smiled again. â€Å"Dorian's crazy about you. Obsessed.† â€Å"That's kind of an extreme observation.† â€Å"It's true.† She brushed hair out of her eyes. The sunlight was turning it to gold, making me a little envious; I'd gotten true red from our father, rather than strawberry blond. She could wear pink. â€Å"It's good,† she continued. â€Å"His obsession. That bitch Ysabel wants him, you know. And she hates you. So does her mom.† â€Å"Yeah, I kind of figured that out.† She shrugged. â€Å"Well, then, keep Dorian close.† â€Å"I'm not worried.† â€Å"Ysabel's got kids, and you won't give him any.† I was so sick of hearing about me and procreation. â€Å"Lots of gentry women have kids. Are you saying I should worry about all of them, Little Miss Love Guru?† â€Å"Not all of them look like you. I mean, not exactly like you †¦ but I think Dorian gets off on redheads. Maybe he figures he'll have red-haired kids that way. I don't know. But, whatever. I'm just saying she's waiting there for you to slip up with Dorian. And he's already gone for her before. She's got a bigger chest than you, too.† â€Å"Hey,† I said indignantly. â€Å"That's irrelevant. Besides, he went for her – and she annoyed him. And I'm not going to ‘slip up.' He's not going anywhere.† I frowned, surprised by my next words, that I'd actually say them to her. â€Å"It's Kiyo I've got to pull in.† Jasmine's gray eyes widened in shock. â€Å"Him? He's no use to you †¦ unless, oh Jesus. You guys aren't planning some three-way, are you? I mean, I know you and Dorian get into some – â€Å" â€Å"No!† I exclaimed. â€Å"It's nothing like that. I need a favor from Kiyo, that's all. A big one. A dangerous one. I'm not sure what'll convince him.† I smiled weakly, remembering Dorian's expression when I'd showed up in the tight gentry dress. â€Å"I'd know what to do if it was Dorian.† Jasmine scoffed and gave me a scathing look. â€Å"How stupid are you? Even I know what to do if you want to suck in Kiyo. Look human.† â€Å"I am human. Who's stupid now?† Good grief. We'd advanced to snippy quarrelling. We were becoming real sisters more and more each day. â€Å"You're half human. Dorian likes that because he thinks he can knock you up †¦ but the rest? He wants you to be a queen. One of the shining ones. Kiyo doesn't. He hates all of that. He doesn't want you anywhere near it. You hooked up before you were into all the Otherworld stuff. Be like that.† I stared at her, startled because she had an excellent point. â€Å"Do I look human now?† Jasmine studied me critically. I had jeans and a T-shirt on, my hair pulled sloppily into a ponytail. My boots were sturdy, made for hiking. Plain. â€Å"Yeah,† she said, sounding surprised. â€Å"Scruffy and human. He'll be into that. Except for the ring. It's from Dorian, right? Put it under your shirt.† I touched the ring hanging on my chest, having forgotten about it. â€Å"How'd you know it was from him?† â€Å"Because you wouldn't get it for yourself, and no one else would either. It's also got oak leaves.† I peered down at it. Sure enough. I hadn't identified the leaves earlier. I followed her advice, concealing it under the shirt. She watched with approval, then seemed to really notice my shirt. â€Å"Who's Mà ¶tley Cre?† I was saved from lecturing her on classic rock when a servant scurried up to us, telling me Kiyo was here. The ease I'd felt with Jasmine vanished. I stood up, forcing calm, half-wondering if I should take her after all. No. Kiyo was the right choice. â€Å"Good luck,† Jasmine said, picking up her book. â€Å"And remember: be human.† I followed the servant away, embarrassed that I was taking advice from an insane fifteen-year-old. Except †¦ I knew she was right. I made sure my gait was casual, nothing regal. Then, I sent the servant away, deciding it'd be best to come to Kiyo on my own, rather than approaching with an escort, no matter how insignificant. He was waiting inside a parlor, pacing restlessly. I knew how uneasy I made him, and this invitation had no doubt put him on guard. I watched him unnoticed for a moment, admiring that muscled body while knowing it was wrong to do so. Sneaking up on him was impossible, though. He could smell me. My sweat and skin alone would have given me away, let alone the vanilla sunscreen and violet perfume I also wore. â€Å"Eugenie,† he said, turning around. â€Å"Nice to see you.† He seemed impassive, but his eyes made me think he really did like seeing me – physically at least. â€Å"Sorry for the abrupt request,† I said. â€Å"You were probably visiting Luisa, huh?† The mention of his daughter softened his expression a tiny, tiny bit. â€Å"Yeah, she's †¦ she grows every day. It's amazing.† He flipped back to alert mode. â€Å"But that's not why you asked me here.† â€Å"No.† I settled into one of the chairs, crossing my legs and hoping I looked casual and unassuming. â€Å"I need your help.† He continued standing. â€Å"That's unexpected.† â€Å"Well, I got an unexpected offer. Do you still want me to get out of this war?† â€Å"Of course.† He made a face. â€Å"Oh, Eug. Please tell me you don't want me to negotiate or something.† I smiled, both at the suggestion and his use of the nickname. â€Å"No, I need you for something that's more your specialty. I don't suppose you've ever heard of the Iron Crown?† Kiyo hadn't. I provided a brief rundown, explaining how the person who fought through and won it could allegedly inspire fear and awe. â€Å"And that's enough to make Katrice back off?† he asked skeptically. â€Å"So they say.† I shrugged. â€Å"It's weird to me too, but everyone I've talked to claims it'll intimidate Katrice and her armies.† Best not to mention that â€Å"everyone† was Dorian, a ghost, and a crazy seeress. â€Å"It'll prove what a badass I am. And if that forces her into peace talks †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I let him draw his own conclusions. â€Å"It's a gamble,† Kiyo said. He still sounded doubtful, but there was a crack there. He wanted the war over. He wanted me out of it. â€Å"But why ask me? Why not Dorian?† â€Å"Because he couldn't survive the quest. The way's lined with iron. It would take an insanely strong gentry – or people with human blood, like you and me. Plus, I trust you.† I didn't know if the human solidarity had gotten me anywhere, but he was definitely considering this more and more. I also wondered if admitting trust in him did anything. Part of what had driven us apart was my accusation that he didn't care enough about me to punish Leith. â€Å"I'd like to help you,† Kiyo said finally. â€Å"It's crazy – but no crazier than half the stuff around here. I should talk to Maiwenn first, though.† You must not – under any circumstances – allow him to go back to Maiwenn and consult her on this. â€Å"There's no time,† I said, hastily running through Dorian's laundry list of excuses. â€Å"We have to go now. The ghost who's going to help me threatened to back out if I didn't act soon. And we're currently on hold with Katrice. If I could return with the crown before the next battle, it would be †¦ well, it'd be amazing. No more bloodshed.† I could see him wavering, but he wasn't quite convinced. Really, I didn't blame him. If I had an ally who could advise me on some bizarre quest, I'd want to talk to her too before jumping in. â€Å"You can talk to her if you want,† I said. â€Å"But I've got to leave now. I can't stand waiting. I'll just go by myself.† That drove the dagger in. No matter how sketchy the logic, no matter how smart it would be to get Maiwenn's advice †¦ the fear of my running off into unknown dangers was too great. He stared at me for several heavy moments, his expression unreadable. Finally, he sighed. â€Å"Right now?† he asked. â€Å"Right now,† I said. â€Å"Then let's go.†